How to Set Up SPF, DKIM, and DMARC for Your Domain (Step by Step)

The good news: all three records are DNS TXT entries. No server configuration, no code deployment. You can have all three set up in under an hour.

What Each Record Does

SPF (Sender Policy Framework)

SPF is a DNS record that lists which IP addresses and mail servers are authorized to send email for your domain. When a receiving mail server gets an email claiming to be from user@yourdomain.com, it checks your domain''s SPF record. If the sending server is not on the authorized list, the email fails SPF.

What it protects against: Spoofed emails sent from unauthorized servers

What it does not protect against: An attacker who uses an authorized mail server (like a compromised account on your ESP)

DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail)

DKIM uses public/private key cryptography to sign outgoing emails. Your email provider signs each outgoing email with a private key. Receiving servers look up the corresponding public key in your DNS and verify the signature. If the email was modified in transit, the signature is invalid.

What it protects against: Email tampering in transit and some spoofing scenarios

What it does not protect against: The "From" display name being spoofed if the actual sending address is on a different domain

DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance)

DMARC builds on top of SPF and DKIM. It tells receiving mail servers what to do with messages that fail both SPF and DKIM alignment — nothing (none), send to spam (quarantine), or reject outright (reject). It also provides a reporting mechanism so you get daily digests of all email sent using your domain.

What it protects against: Direct domain spoofing (the "From:" address matching your domain)

What makes it powerful: It closes the gap between having SPF/DKIM records and actually using them for protection.

Step 1: Set Up SPF

Find your authorized sending sources

Before writing your SPF record, list every service that sends email on behalf of your domain: - Your primary email provider (Google Workspace, Microsoft 365) - Your transactional email service (SendGrid, Postmark, Mailgun, Amazon SES) - Your marketing email tool (Mailchimp, HubSpot, Brevo) - Any self-hosted mail server

Build your SPF record

SPF records are TXT records published at your root domain:

Common mechanisms:

The final qualifier: - -all — Fail (reject) all senders not on the list (recommended) - ~all — SoftFail (mark as suspicious) — good starting point - ?all — Neutral — effectively no policy

Example SPF records

Google Workspace + SendGrid:

Microsoft 365 + Postmark:

Amazon SES in us-east-1:

SPF limitations

• SPF checks the envelope sender (Return-Path), not the visible From address
• Maximum 10 DNS lookups in your SPF chain — if you have many include: entries, you may hit this limit
• SPF breaks for forwarded emails (the forwarding server is not on your authorized list)

Step 2: Set Up DKIM

DKIM setup is done in two parts: your email provider generates a key pair and gives you a public key to publish in DNS. They handle the private key and signing.

Google Workspace

1. 1Go to Google Admin → Apps → Google Workspace → Gmail → Authenticate email
2. 2Click "Generate new record"
3. 3Copy the CNAME or TXT record values
4. 4Add them to your DNS as instructed

Google Workspace DKIM records look like:

SendGrid

1. 1Go to Settings → Sender Authentication
2. 2Click "Authenticate a Domain"
3. 3Follow the wizard — SendGrid generates three CNAME records to add
4. 4Verify in SendGrid once DNS propagates

Amazon SES

1. 1In the SES console, go to Verified Identities
2. 2Select your domain
3. 3The DKIM section shows three CNAME records to add to your DNS

Postmark

1. 1Go to Sender Signatures in your Postmark account
2. 2Add your domain
3. 3Copy the DKIM TXT record

General DKIM DNS record format

The selector is a label (often google, mail, s1, s2, etc.) that allows a domain to have multiple DKIM keys for different services.

Step 3: Set Up DMARC

DMARC is a TXT record published at _dmarc.yourdomain.com.

Start with p=none (monitoring mode)

Never start with p=reject. If your SPF or DKIM is misconfigured, you will block legitimate email. Start with p=none to collect reports without affecting deliverability:

DMARC alignment modes

• Relaxed (`r`): The organizational domain matches. mail.yourdomain.com passes alignment for yourdomain.com.
• Strict (`s`): The domains must match exactly. Only yourdomain.com passes for yourdomain.com.

Start with relaxed mode and move to strict only after you have analyzed your report data.

The progression: none → quarantine → reject

How to Verify Your Records Are Working

Check propagation

DNS changes can take up to 48 hours to propagate, though they usually take 5–30 minutes.

Free online verification tools

• MXToolbox (mxtoolbox.com/SuperTool) — check SPF, DKIM, DMARC, MX records
• DMARC Analyzer (dmarcanalyzer.com) — test and analyze DMARC records
• Mail-tester (mail-tester.com) — send a real email and get a full authentication report
• ZeriFlow — run a free scan at zeriflow.com/free-scan to check all email authentication records alongside all other security checks in one pass

Send a test email

The most reliable test: send an email from your domain to a Gmail or Outlook account, then check the email headers:

In Gmail: Open the email → More (three dots) → Show original

Look for:

All three should show pass.

Common Mistakes

Mistake 1: Multiple SPF records

You can only have one SPF TXT record on your root domain. If your DNS has two v=spf1 records, SPF will fail. Merge them into a single record.

Mistake 2: Exceeding 10 DNS lookups in SPF

Each include:, a:, mx:, and exists: mechanism counts as one DNS lookup. Exceeding 10 causes SPF to "permerror" — which DMARC treats as a failure. Use ip4: directly for static IPs to reduce lookups.

Mistake 3: Jumping to p=reject without monitoring

Moving to p=reject without analyzing DMARC reports first will block legitimate email if any sending service is not properly configured. Always monitor for at least two weeks first.

Mistake 4: DMARC record on the wrong subdomain

DMARC must be published at _dmarc.yourdomain.com, not at yourdomain.com or dmarc.yourdomain.com. The underscore prefix is required.

Mistake 5: Not covering subdomains

Your DMARC policy covers your root domain. To cover subdomains as well, add the sp= tag:

If sp= is not set, subdomains inherit the parent policy.

Reading DMARC Reports

DMARC aggregate reports (rua) are XML files sent daily. They can be difficult to read directly. Use a DMARC report analyzer:

• Postmark''s free DMARC analyzer
• DMARC Digests (dmarcdigests.com)
• Valimail Monitor (free tier available)

Look for: - Any fail results that identify unauthorized senders - Passes that confirm your legitimate services are authenticated - Volume from unknown sources that indicates spoofing attempts

Summary

Setting up SPF, DKIM, and DMARC protects your domain from being spoofed in phishing attacks and improves email deliverability. Publish an SPF TXT record that lists all your authorized sending services, add the DKIM public key records provided by each email service, and start DMARC with p=none to collect reports before moving to p=quarantine and p=reject. Use MXToolbox and DMARC report analyzers to validate and monitor your configuration. Run a free scan at zeriflow.com/free-scan to see your email security posture alongside all other security checks in a single report.